IGS Central Bureau
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, CA 91109-8099
http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov
ABSTRACT
The International GPS Service (IGS), formerly the International GPS Service for Geodynamics, is an approved service of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) since 1994. The primary objective of the IGS is to provide a service to support, through GPS data products, geodetic and geophysical research activities. This report will chronicle the past four years of history of the IGS. (See the IAG Travaux 1996, Tome 30 edited by P. Willis for the report on the formative years of the IGS).
KEY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE IGS 1995-1999
1995 - The ‘Special Topics and New Directions Workshop’ held at GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Germany in May initiated the extension of the IGS to various applications, especially exploring atmospheric and climate monitoring. Discussions and decisions at this meeting resulted in shortening IGS Rapid Orbit Production in 1996 and planning for the production of predicted orbits. First meeting between the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and IGS at the GLOSS (Global Ocean Observing System) meeting in Bordeaux, France investigating the use of GPS and the IGS for monitoring sea level. Number of stations in IGS network: 112.
1996 - IGS became a recognized service of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services (FAGS). A ‘Call for Participation’ was released in January for IGS Regional Network Associate Analysis Centers (RNAAC) for the regional densification of the terrestrial reference frame in support of the ITRF. The IGS Predicted Orbit Combination was made available in early March. The Silver Spring Analysis Center Workshop in March dealt with a variety of issues such as orbit and clock combination processes, phase-centers values and antenna calibration, EOPs, ionospheric and tropospheric applications, etc. A standard format termed ‘Solution INdependent Exchange Format’ (SINEX) was adopted as the exchange format for submission of analysis centers solutions into a global combination enabling the IGS ‘polyhedron’ solution. Rather than simultaneous processing of all stations data in rapidly growing global and regional networks, this approach permits the combination of multi-station solutions produced by different analysis centers (today this is being extended to a multi-technique solutions). During June significant processing changes with IGS orbits occurred when the IGS combinations discontinued polar motion alignment of the different analysis centers (AC) orbit solutions. IGS AC polar motion precision at or below 0.1mas. Number of stations in IGS network: 144 stations.
1997 - The Analysis Center Workshop in March in Pasadena focused on the potential of low Earth orbiter applications within the IGS and interest in GLONASS data handling/analysis within the IGS infrastructure. First joint workshop between the PSMSL and the IGS held in Pasadena, CA. IGS hosted a GLOSS GRE meeting after the joint workshop. The Pilot Project for Precise Time and Time Transfer joint with the Bureau de Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was given conceptual approval at the Governing Board meeting in Rio De Janeiro. The first IGS retreat was held in Napa Valley in December generating many recommendations for continued improvement of the service. IGS analysis focused on length of day/UT and clock correction combinations. In order to facilitate combined prediction products the IGS Rapid orbit delivery was pushed from 24 to 22 hours. Best orbit solutions at or below 5 cm for Final solutions, and 5-10 cm for Rapid solutions. Prediction orbit precision RMS median of ~50cm compared to the Broadcast orbit at ~200cm. Number of stations in IGS network: 167 Stations.
1998 - Two key and successful workshops were held this year, the Analysis Center Workshop in February in Darmstadt and the Network Systems Workshop held in November in Annapolis. A number of recommendations resulted from each workshop and are contained in the respective workshop proceedings (see IGS Publication list below). The list of IGS fiducial sites for reference frame control were expanded from the original 13 to 47 stations. Call for Participation in the International Glonass Experiment (IGEX) joint with CSTG was announced. Reorganization of the Central Bureau (CB) was initiated due to IGS Napa Valley ‘97 retreat recommendations, including establishment of the IGS Network Coordinator within the CB. The IGS Annual Report Series was revised to a two volume document, the summary Annual Report and a detailed companion volume documenting the IGS Technical Reports for each year. At the May meeting of the Governing Board in Boston, a policy was adopted for the establishment of IGS projects and working groups. At the December meeting in San Francisco a number of changes took place: the Terms of Reference revised under the guidance of Prof. Ivan Mueller was adopted; working group chairs and project heads become non-voting members of the Governing Board; and Prof. Christoph Reigber of GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam, Germany was unanimously elected as Chairman of the IGS Governing Board, succeeding Prof. Gerhard Beutler from the University of Bern, Switzerland. Prof. Beutler served as Chair of the IGS Oversight Committee (1991-1993) and as Chair of the IGS Governing Board for five years (1994-1998). The responsibilities of Analysis Coordinator transferred from Dr. Jan Kouba of Natural Resources of Canada to Dr. Tim Springer of the University of Bern, Switzerland. Jan Kouba was the AC Coordinator since 1993 and is largely credited with fostering the incredible cooperation and friendly competition of the ACs that resulted in the continual improvement of IGS products. IGS orbits in 1998 continue at the ~5cm level, while some of the best analysis centers are approaching the 3cm level of orbit precision. Adoption of the 47 stations for fiducial control earlier in the year resulted in marked improvement in orbits, AC clocks, ERP and coordinate solutions. IGS subnetwork concept was established, and the flow of hourly GPS data files was formalized. Number of stations in IGS network: 200 stations (see Figure 1).
1999 - In March an IGS workshop dedicated to low Earth orbiter (LEO) missions was held at GFZ Potsdam, Germany. This was a pivotal workshop for the IGS raising questions and increasing awareness of the potential role that IGS could play for operational support of LEO satellites with on-board GPS flight receivers for purposes of precise orbit determination, atmospheric occultation, ionospheric tomography and how these observations will be used by the atmospheric and meteorological community. In June the first meeting of the new Governing Board under the leadership of Prof. Reigber was held one day prior to the Analysis Center workshop in San Diego, California. The workshop focused on real-time applications and long term stability and accuracy. The ‘Travaux" in the year 2003 will be able to describe the resulting status of recommendations stemming from the past three IGS workshops. That there have been three IGS workshops in only eight months demonstrates an unusually active period! (starting with the Network Workshop in November of 1998).
Figure 1. Station locations of the IGS Tracking Network, July 1999.
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| MEMBER |
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| Christoph Reigber |
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Chair, Appointed (IGS) |
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| Gerhard Beutler |
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Appointed (IAG) |
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| Mike Bevis |
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Appointed (IGS) |
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| Geoff Blewitt |
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Analysis Center Representative |
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| Yehuda Bock |
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Analysis Center Representative |
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| Claude Boucher |
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IERS Representative to IGS |
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| John Dow |
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Network Representative |
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| Bjorn Engen |
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Network Representative |
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| Joachim Feltens |
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Ionosphere Working Group Chair |
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| Remi Ferland |
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IGS Reference Frame Coordinator |
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| Gerd Gendt |
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Troposphere Working Group Chair |
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| Jan Kouba |
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Analysis Center Representative |
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| John Manning |
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Appointed (IGS) |
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| Bill Melbourne |
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IGS Representative to IERS |
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| Ivan Mueller |
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IAG Representative |
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| Ruth Neilan |
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Director of IGS Central Bureau |
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| Carey Noll |
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Data Center Representative |
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| Jim Ray |
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Precise Time Transfer Project, Chair |
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| Tim Springer |
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Analysis Center Coordinator |
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| Robert Serafin |
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Appointed (IGS) |
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| Michael Watkins |
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Low Earth Orbiter Working Group Chair |
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| Pascal Willis |
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International GLONASS Experiment CSTG/IGS Chair |
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| Martine Feissel |
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| Teruyuki Kato |
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| Gerry Mader |
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| David Pugh |
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| Bob Schutz |
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ORGANIZATION OF THE IGS
The history and development of the IGS demonstrate the unique capability of international groups and agencies to work successfully together for a common goal. In the organization of the IGS, each component has specific responsibilities, and each is dependent on the others to meet performance standards in order for the whole system to operate smoothly and effectively.
The organization of the IGS is depicted in Figure 2. The satellites of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System are shown in the upper left corner of the figure. The GPS stations shown below the satellites are permanently installed and operate continuously receiving and recording the L-band, dual-frequency signals transmitted by the 24 NAVSTAR GPS satellites. The station data is accessed by Operational Data Centers (see Table 2) through various communication schemes, and the Operational Centers monitor and validate the data, format it according to standards and forward the data sets to the Regional or Global Data Centers. The Regional Data Centers collect all data of interest to people in a particular region, while the IGS Global Data Centers provide primary access and archiving for IGS data and products. The Analysis Centers (Table 3) retrieve the data sets from the Global Data Centers and each produce GPS ephemerides, station coordinates, and earth rotation parameters. These products are then sent to the Analysis Center Coordinator who uses an orbit combination technique to produce the official IGS orbits. The products are sent to the Global Data Centers and the Central Bureau for archival and access by users. IGS Associate Analysis Centers are groups producing special products such as station positions and velocities, ionospheric maps, etc. (Table 4 lists the GNAACs and RNAACs). Working groups and projects (Table 5) are groups with initiative to build on the structure of the IGS for further scientific applications. The Central Bureau acts as the executive arm of the Governing Board and is responsible for the overall coordination and management of the service; the International Governing Board is the oversight body that actively makes decisions determining the activities and direction of the IGS. IGS Associate Members (Table 6) are those people who spend a significant part of the work supporting IGS processes, they are also responsible for electing specific representatives to the Governing Board.
IGS NETWORK STATIONS
The IGS network consists of GPS stations that observe the GPS satellites on a continuous, 24-hour basis. These globally distributed stations are funded, implemented and operated by one of the IGS participating agencies shown in Table 7. At the end of 1998, 167 stations were listed as part of the IGS network. These stations have precision geodetic quality dual-frequency GPS receivers and ancillary equipment that enable transmission of the data set within a one hour to a few hours. Currently, the classic data files span a 24-hour period with 30 second data samples. A subset of the IGS network is generating hourly data files at the 30-second sample rate, and a similar subset is operating at 1-second samples in support of high-rate applications such as the LEO missions.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the
organization of the IGS depicts addition of Associate Analysis Centers,
Working Groups, Pilot Projects and the new Network Coordinator role within
the Central Bureau.
| Operational Data Centers | |
| ASI | Italian Space Agency |
| AUSLIG | Australian Surveying and Land Information Group |
| AWI | Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany |
| CNES | Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, France |
| DUT | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands |
| ESOC | European Space Agency (ESA) Space Operations Center, Germany |
| GFZ | GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany |
| GSI | Geographical Survey Institute, Japan |
| ISR | Institute for Space Research, Austria |
| JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA |
| KAO | Korean Astronomical Observatory |
| NGI | National Geography Institute, Korea |
| NIMA | National image and Mapping Agency, USA |
| NMA | Norwegian Mapping Authority |
| NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA |
| NRCan | Natural Resources of Canada |
| RDAAC | Russian Data Analysis and Archive Center |
| SIO | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA |
| UNAVCO | University NAVSTAR Consortium |
| USGS | United States Geological Survey |
| Regional Data Centers | |
| AUSLIG | Australian Surveying and Land Information Group |
| BKG | Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodasie, Germany |
| JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA |
| NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA |
| NRCan | Natural Resources of Canada |
| Global Data Centers | |
| CDDIS | Crustal Dynamics Data Information System, NASA GSFC, USA |
| IGN | Institut Geographique National, France |
| SIO | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA |
| IGS Analysis Centers | |
| CODE Astronomical Institute-University of Bern | Switzerland |
| European Space Operations Center / European Space Agency | Germany |
| FLINN Analysis Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech,NASA | USA |
| GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam | Germany |
| National Geodetic Survey, Geosciences Research Lab, NOAA | USA |
| Natural Resources Canada | Canada |
| Scripps Institution of Oceanography | USA |
| GLOBAL NETWORK (GNAAC) | |
| Jet Propulsion Laboratory | USA |
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology | USA |
| University of Newcastle | UK |
| REGIONAL NETWORK
CENTERS FOR THE DENSIFICATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME
(RNAACS) |
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| Australian Survey & Land Information Group (AUSLIG) | Australia |
| EUREF-IAG Commission X - Global and Regional Geodetic Networks, Subcommission for Europe (European Coordinating RNAAC): | |
| Centers within EUREF: | |
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Switzerland |
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Switzerland |
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Czech Republic |
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Germany |
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Germany |
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Scandinavia |
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Italy |
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Austria |
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Belgium |
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Poland |
| Geographical Survey Institute of Japan | Japan |
| Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska | USA |
| Onsala Space Observatory | Sweden |
| Pacific Geosciences Center | Canada |
| SIRGAS, Deutsches Geodatishes Forschungsinstitut | Germany |
| IGS Working Groups and Pilot Projects | |||
| Chair | Agency & Country | ||
| IGS Reference Frame Coordinator | Remi Ferland | NRCan, Canada | |
| IGS/BIPM Time Transfer Project | Jim Ray, Co-Chair, IGS, | US Naval Observatory, USA | |
| Gerard Petit, Co-Chair | BIPM, France | ||
| Working Group on IGS Ionosphere Products | Joachim Feltens | European Space Operations Center, Germany | |
| IGS Combination of Tropospheric Estimates | Gerd Gendt | GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam(GFZ) | |
| Working Group on Low-Earth Orbiters | Michael Watkins | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | |
| International
GLONASS Experiment (IGEX)
Joint with CSTG |
Pascal Willis | Institut Geographique National ENSG/LAREG | |
| Tide Gauges, CGPS, and the IGS (Seed Activity) | Mike Bevis | University of Hawaii | |
| Phil Woodworth | Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, UK | ||
| ASSOCIATE MEMBERS OF THE IGS, JUNE 1999 | ||
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First
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Last Name | Institution |
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Zuheir
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Altamimi | Institut Geographique National, Paris, France |
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Boudewijn
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Ambrosius | Delft University of Technology, Netherlands |
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Yoaz
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Bar-Sever | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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John
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Beavan | Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand |
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Gerhard
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Beutler | Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland |
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Mike
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Bevis | University of Hawaii |
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Geoff
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Blewitt | University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |
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Graeme
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Blick | Land Information New Zealand |
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Yehuda
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Bock | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA |
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Claude
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Boucher | Institut Geographique National, Paris, France |
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Carine
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Bruyninx | Royal Observatory of Belgium |
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Alessandro
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Caporali | University of Padova, Italy |
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Miranda
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Chin | Geosciences Research and Development Lab, National Geodetic Survey, USA |
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Loic
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Daniel | Institut Geographique National, Paris, France |
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Jeff
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Dean | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA |
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John
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Dow | European Space Operations Center, Germany |
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Herb
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Dragert | Pacific Geoscience Center, Geological Survey of Canada, NRCan, Canada |
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Herman
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Drewes | Deutsches Geodäetisches Forschungsinstitut, Munich, Germany |
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Maurice
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Dube | Goddard Space Flight Center, USA |
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Robert
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Duval | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Bjorn
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Engen | Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway |
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Peng
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Fang | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA |
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Martine
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Feissel | Paris Observatory, International Earth Rotation Service, Paris, France |
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Joachim
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Feltens | European Space Operations Center, Germany |
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Meng-hua
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Feng | National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China |
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Remi
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Ferland | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Luis Paulo
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Fortes | Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia de Estatistica, Brazil |
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Roman
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Galas | GeoforschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany |
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Daniel
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Gambis | Paris Observatory, International Earth Rotation Service, Paris, France |
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Carlos
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Garcia-Martinez | European Space Operations Center, Germany |
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Gerd
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Gendt | GeoforschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany |
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Ramesh
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Govind | Australian Survey and Land Information Group, Canberra, Australia |
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Werner
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Gurtner | Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland |
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Heinz
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Habrich | Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Germany |
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Rune
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Hanssen | Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway |
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Yuki
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Hatanaka | Geographical Survey Institute, Tsukuba, Japan |
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Michael
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Heflin | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Martin
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Hendy | Australian Survey and Land Information Group, Canberra, Australia |
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Pierre
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Heroux | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Thomas
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Herring | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA |
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David
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Jefferson | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Jan
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Johansson | Onsala Space Observatory, Sweden |
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Teruyuki
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Kato | Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan |
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Mark
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Kaufman | Institute for Metrology of Time and Space, Mendeleevo, Russia |
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Jan
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Kouba | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Ulf
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Lindqwister | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Jingnan
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Liu | Wuhan Technical University, China |
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Rob
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Liu | Raytheon STX, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Chi-cheng
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Liu | Institute of Earth Science, Academy of Science, Taiwan |
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Gerry
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Mader | Geosciences Research and Development Lab, National Geodetic Survey, USA |
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Bo
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Madsen | NationalSurvey and Cadastre, Copenhagen, Sweden |
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John
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Manning | Australian Survey and Land Information Group, Canberra, Australia |
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Tomas
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Martin-Mur | European Space Operations Center, Germany |
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Dennis
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McCarthy | U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C., USA |
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Chuck
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Meertens | University NAVSTAR Consortium, Boulder, CO, USA |
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Bill
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Melbourne | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Yves
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Mireault | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Ivan
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Mueller | Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA |
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Angelyn
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Moore | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Ruth
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Neilan | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Carey
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Noll | Goddard Space Flight Center, USA |
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Pil-ho
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Park | Korean Astronomy Observatory, Taejon, Korea |
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Matti
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Paunonen | Finnish Geodetic Institute,Helsinki, Finland |
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Peter
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Pesec | Insitute for Space Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria |
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Hans-Peter
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Plag | Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway |
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Jim
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Ray | US Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C., USA |
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Svein
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Rekkedal | Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Honefoss, Norway |
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Christoph
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Reigber | GeoforschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany |
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Chris
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Rocken | University NAVSTAR Consortium, Boulder, CO, USA |
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Markus
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Rothacher | Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland |
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Mark
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Schenewerk | Geosciences Research and Development Lab, National Geodetic Survey, USA |
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Wolfgang
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Schlueter | Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Germany |
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Mike
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Schmidt | Pacific Geoscience Center, Geological Survey of Canada, NRCan, Canada |
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Bob
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Schutz | Center for Space Reserach, Univ. of Texas-Austin, USA |
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Bob
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Serafin | National Center for Atmospheric Research |
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Andrew
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Sinclair | Royal Greenwich Observtory, UK |
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Jim
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Slater | National imagery and Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C., USA |
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Janusz
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Sledzinski | Warsaw University of Technology, Poland |
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Tim
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Springer | Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland |
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David
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Stowers | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Suryia
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Tatevian | Astronomical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences |
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Pierre
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Tetreault | Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada |
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Francesco
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Vespe | Italian Space Agency, Matera, Italy |
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Mike
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Watkins | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
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Urs
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Wild | Bundesamt für Landestopographie (Federal Topography), Switzerland |
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Pascal
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Willis | Institut Geographique National, Paris, France |
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Shuhua
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Ye | Chinese Academy of Sciences, China |
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Vjacheslav
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Zalutsky | East-Siberian Research Institute for Physico- and Radiotechnical Measurements, Irkutsk, Russia |
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Wen-yao
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Zhu | Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, China |
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James
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Zumberge | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA |
| CONTRIBUTING AGENCIES OF THE IGS 1999 | ||
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AIUB
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Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland | |
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ALO
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Astronomical Latitude Observatory, Poland | |
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AWI
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Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany | |
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AUSLIG
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Australian Survey and Land Information Group, Australia | |
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BKG
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Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Germany | |
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BfL
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Bundesamt für Landestopographie (Federal Topography), Switzerland | |
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CSR
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Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin, USA | |
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CNES
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Centre National de Etudes, Toulouse, France | |
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CEE
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Centro de Estudios Espaciales, Chile | |
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CICESE
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Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Mexico | |
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CAS
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Chinese Academy of Sciences, China | |
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CDDIS
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Crustal Dynamics Data Information System, GSFC/NASA, USA | |
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CMMACS
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CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore, India | |
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DUT
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Delft University of Technology, Netherlands | |
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DLR/DFD
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Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V., Neustrelitz, Germany | |
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ERI
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Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan | |
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VS NIIFTRI
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East-Siberian Research Institute for Physicotechnical and Radiotechnical Measurements, Irkutsk, Russia | |
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ESA
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European Space Agency, Germany | |
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ESOC
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European Space Operations Center, Germany | |
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FGI
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Finnish Geodetic Institute, Finland | |
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FOMI
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FOMI Satellite Geodetic Observatory, Budapest, Hungary | |
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GOPE
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Geodetic Observatory Pecny, Ondrejov, Czech Republic | |
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GSD
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Geodetic Survey Division, NRCan, Canada | |
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GFZ
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GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany | |
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GSI
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Geographical Survey Institute, Tsukuba, Japan | |
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GIUA
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Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA | |
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GRDL
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Geosciences Research and Development Laboratory, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD, USA | |
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GSFC
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Goddard Space Flight Center / NASA, USA | |
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HRAO
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Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, South Africa | |
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IRIS
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Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, USA | |
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ICC
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Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain | |
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IGN
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Institut Geographique National, Paris, France | |
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IMVP
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Institute for Metrology of Time and Space, GP VNIIFTRI, Mendeleevo, Russia | |
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ISAS
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Institute for Space and Astronautic Science, Sagamihara, Japan | |
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ISRO
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Institute for Space Research Observatory, Graz, Austria | |
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IAA
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Institute of Applied Astronomy, St. Petersburg , Russia | |
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INASAN
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Institute of Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia | |
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IESAS
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Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan | |
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IGNS
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Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand | |
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IBGE
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Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia de Estatistica, Brazil | |
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INPE
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil | |
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IDA
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International Deployment of Accelerometers / IRIS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA | |
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ASI
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Italian Space Agency, Matera, Italy | |
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JPL
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA | |
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KAO
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Korean Astronomy Observatory, Taejon, Korea | |
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KMS
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Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen, National Survey and Cadastre, Denmark | |
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LINZ
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Land Information New Zealand, Wellington | |
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MIT
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA | |
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NASA
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA | |
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NCAR
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National Center for Atmospheric Research | |
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NBSM
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National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China | |
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NGRI
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National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India | |
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NIMA
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National imagery and Mapping Agency, USA | |
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INGM
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National Institute in Geosciences, Mining and Chemistry (INGEOMINAS), Colombia | |
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NOAA
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA | |
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NRCan
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Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, Canada | |
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ROB
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Observatoire Royal de Belgium, Brussels, Belgium | |
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OUAT
|
Olsztyn University of Agriculture and Technology, Poland | |
|
OSO
|
Onsala Space Observatory, Sweden | |
|
GSC
|
Pacific Geoscience Center, Geological Survey of Canada, NRCan, Canada | |
|
IERS
|
Paris Observatory, International Earth Rotation Service, Paris, France | |
|
POL
|
Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, UK | |
|
ROA
|
Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada, Spain | |
|
RGO
|
Royal Greenwich Observatory, UK | |
|
SIO
|
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA | |
|
SAO
|
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, China | |
|
SCIGN
|
Southern California Integrated GPS Network, USA | |
|
SK
|
Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Norway | |
|
SOEST
|
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii,USA | |
|
UCAR
|
University Consortium for Atmospheric Research | |
|
USNO
|
U.S. Naval Observatory, USA | |
|
UFPR
|
University Federal de Parana, Brazil | |
|
UNAVCO
|
University Navstar Consortium, Boulder, CO, USA | |
|
UB
|
University of Bonn, Germany | |
|
CU
|
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA | |
|
NCL
|
University of Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom | |
|
UPAD
|
University of Padova, Italy | |
|
WUT
|
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland | |
|
WING
|
Western Pacific Integrated Network of GPS, Japan | |
|
WTU
|
Wuhan Technical University, China |
IGS Publications
Available through the Central Bureau (address below).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Central Bureau would like to thank G. Beutler and J. Kouba for their significant contribution to the IGS and their leadership in the past five years. Their influence will continue to be felt. We also acknowledge the contributions of the participating agencies worldwide which have made the IGS such a successful organization. Part of the work described in this report was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.